Hỏi đáp Lớp 11

Nếu \(\cos x = 0 \Leftrightarrow x = \dfrac{\pi }{2} + k\pi \), thay vào phương trình được:

\(1 - 0 - 0 = 0\) (vô lí) nên \(x = \dfrac{\pi }{2} + k\pi \) không là nghiệm của phương trình.

Chia cả hai vế của phương trình cho \({\cos ^2}x \ne 0\) ta được:

\(\begin{array}{l}{\tan ^2}x - 2\tan x - 3 = 0\\ \Leftrightarrow \left[ \begin{array}{l}\tan x =  - 1\\\tan x = 3\end{array} \right.\\ \Leftrightarrow \left[ \begin{array}{l}x =  - \dfrac{\pi }{4} + k\pi \\x = \arctan 3 + k\pi \end{array} \right.\end{array}\)

Vậy phương trình có nghiệm \(x =  - \dfrac{\pi }{4} + k\pi \) và \(x = \arctan 3 + k\pi \).

\(\begin{array}{l}\sin 2x - 2{\sin ^2}x = 2\cos 2x\\ \Leftrightarrow \sin 2x - 2.\dfrac{{1 - \cos 2x}}{2} = 2\cos 2x\\ \Leftrightarrow \sin 2x - 1 + \cos 2x = 2\cos 2x\\ \Leftrightarrow \sin 2x - \cos 2x = 1\\ \Leftrightarrow \sqrt 2 \sin \left( {2x - \dfrac{\pi }{4}} \right) = 1\\ \Leftrightarrow \sin \left( {2x - \dfrac{\pi }{4}} \right) = \dfrac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }}\\ \Leftrightarrow \left[ \begin{array}{l}2x - \dfrac{\pi }{4} = \dfrac{\pi }{4} + k2\pi \\2x - \dfrac{\pi }{4} = \dfrac{{3\pi }}{4} + k2\pi \end{array} \right.\\ \Leftrightarrow \left[ \begin{array}{l}x = \dfrac{\pi }{4} + k\pi \\x = \dfrac{\pi }{2} + k\pi \end{array} \right.\end{array}\)

Vậy phương trình có nghiệm \(x = \dfrac{\pi }{4} + k\pi ,x = \dfrac{\pi }{2} + k\pi \).

\(\cos x\cos 3x - \sin 2x\sin 6x \)\(- \sin 4x\sin 6x = 0\)

\(\begin{array}{l}
\Leftrightarrow \frac{1}{2}\left( {\cos 4x + \cos 2x} \right) - \frac{1}{2}\left( {\cos 4x - \cos 8x} \right)\\
- \frac{1}{2}\left( {\cos 2x - \cos 10x} \right) = 0\\
\Leftrightarrow \cos 4x + \cos 2x - \cos 4x + \cos 8x\\
- \cos 2x + \cos 10x = 0\\
\Leftrightarrow \cos 8x + \cos 10x = 0\\
\Leftrightarrow 2\cos x\cos 9x = 0\\
\Leftrightarrow \left[ \begin{array}{l}
\cos x = 0\\
\cos 9x = 0
\end{array} \right.\\
\Leftrightarrow \left[ \begin{array}{l}
x = \frac{\pi }{2} + k\pi \\
x = \frac{\pi }{{18}} + \frac{{k\pi }}{9}
\end{array} \right.
\end{array}\)

Vậy \(x = {\pi  \over 2} + k\pi ;x = {\pi  \over {18}} + {{k\pi } \over 9}\)

\(\begin{array}{l}
\sin x + \sin 2x + \sin 3x = 0\\
\Leftrightarrow \left( {\sin x + \sin 3x} \right) + \sin 2x = 0\\
\Leftrightarrow 2\sin 2x\cos x + \sin 2x = 0\\
\Leftrightarrow \sin 2x\left( {2\cos x + 1} \right) = 0\\
\Leftrightarrow \left[ \begin{array}{l}
\sin 2x = 0\\
2\cos x + 1 = 0
\end{array} \right.\\
\Leftrightarrow \left[ \begin{array}{l}
2x = k\pi \\
\cos x = - \frac{1}{2}
\end{array} \right.\\
\Leftrightarrow \left[ \begin{array}{l}
x = \frac{{k\pi }}{2}\\
x = \pm \frac{{2\pi }}{3} + k2\pi
\end{array} \right.
\end{array}\)

Vậy \(x =  \pm {{2\pi } \over 3} + k2\pi ,x = k{\pi  \over 2}\)

Vế trái phương trình được biến đổi thành:

\(\eqalign{
& \left( {\cos 22x + \cos 10x} \right) + 3\left( {\cos 18x + \cos 14x} \right)\cr& = 2\cos 16x\cos 6x + 6\cos 16x\cos 2x \cr 
& = 2\cos 16x\left( {\cos 6x + \cos 2x + 2\cos 2x} \right)\cr& = 2\cos 16x\left( {2\cos 4x\cos 2x + 2\cos 2x} \right) \cr 
& = 4\cos 16x\cos 2x\left( {\cos 4x + 1} \right) \cr&= 8\cos 16x{\cos ^3}2x \cr} \)

Vậy phương trình đã cho tương đương với

\(\cos 16x{\cos ^3}2x = 0\)\( \Leftrightarrow \left[ \matrix{
\cos 16x = 0 \hfill \cr 
\cos 2x = 0 \hfill \cr} \right. \)\(\Leftrightarrow \left[ \matrix{
x = {\pi \over {32}} + k{\pi \over {16}} \hfill \cr 
x = {\pi \over 4} + k{\pi \over 2} \hfill \cr} \right.\)

\({\sin ^2}x + {\sin ^2}2x + {\sin ^2}3x = {3 \over 2}\)

\(\begin{array}{l}
\Leftrightarrow \frac{{1 - \cos 2x}}{2} + \frac{{1 - \cos 4x}}{2} + \frac{{1 - \cos 6x}}{2} = \frac{3}{2}\\
\Leftrightarrow 1 - \cos 2x + 1 - \cos 4x + 1 - \cos 6x = 3\\
\Leftrightarrow \cos 2x + \cos 4x + \cos 6x = 0\\
\Leftrightarrow \left( {\cos 2x + \cos 6x} \right) + \cos 4x = 0\\
\Leftrightarrow 2\cos 4x\cos 2x + \cos 4x = 0\\
\Leftrightarrow \cos 4x\left( {2\cos 2x + 1} \right) = 0\\
\Leftrightarrow \left[ \begin{array}{l}
\cos 4x = 0\\
\cos 2x = - \frac{1}{2}
\end{array} \right.\\
\Leftrightarrow \left[ \begin{array}{l}
4x = \frac{\pi }{2} + k\pi \\
2x = \pm \frac{{2\pi }}{3} + k2\pi
\end{array} \right.\\
\Leftrightarrow \left[ \begin{array}{l}
x = \frac{\pi }{8} + \frac{{k\pi }}{4}\\
x = \pm \frac{\pi }{3} + k\pi
\end{array} \right.
\end{array}\)

Vậy \(x = {\pi  \over 8} + {{k\pi } \over 4},x =  \pm {\pi  \over 3} + k\pi \).

\(\begin{array}{l}
{\sin ^2}3x + {\sin ^2}4x = {\sin ^2}5x + {\sin ^2}6x\\
\Leftrightarrow \frac{{1 - \cos 6x}}{2} + \frac{{1 - \cos 8x}}{2}\\
= \frac{{1 - \cos 10x}}{2} + \frac{{1 - \cos 12x}}{2}\\
\Leftrightarrow 1 - \cos 6x + 1 - \cos 8x\\
= 1 - \cos 10x + 1 - \cos 12x\\
\Leftrightarrow \cos 6x + \cos 8x = \cos 10x + \cos 12x\\
\Leftrightarrow 2\cos 7x\cos x = 2\cos 11x\cos x\\
\Leftrightarrow 2\cos x\left( {\cos 7x - \cos 11x} \right) = 0\\
\Leftrightarrow \left[ \begin{array}{l}
\cos x = 0\\
\cos 7x = \cos 11x
\end{array} \right.\\
\Leftrightarrow \left[ \begin{array}{l}
x = \frac{\pi }{2} + k\pi \\
11x = 7x + k2\pi \\
11x = - 7x + k2\pi
\end{array} \right.\\
\Leftrightarrow \left[ \begin{array}{l}
x = \frac{\pi }{2} + k\pi \\
x = \frac{{k\pi }}{2}\\
x = \frac{{k\pi }}{9}
\end{array} \right.\\
\Leftrightarrow \left[ \begin{array}{l}
x = \frac{{k\pi }}{2}\\
x = \frac{{k\pi }}{9}
\end{array} \right.
\end{array}\)

Vậy \(x = {{k\pi } \over 2};x = {{k\pi } \over 9}\).

\(8{\cos ^4}x = 1 + \cos 4x\)

\(\begin{array}{l}
\Leftrightarrow 8{\left( {\frac{{1 + \cos 2x}}{2}} \right)^2} = 1 + 2{\cos ^2}2x - 1\\
\Leftrightarrow 2{\left( {1 + \cos 2x} \right)^2} = 2{\cos ^2}2x\\
\Leftrightarrow {\left( {1 + \cos 2x} \right)^2} = {\cos ^2}2x\\
\Leftrightarrow 1 + 2\cos 2x + {\cos ^2}2x = {\cos ^2}2x\\
\Leftrightarrow \cos 2x = - \frac{1}{2}\\
\Leftrightarrow 2x = \pm \frac{{2\pi }}{3} + k2\pi \\
\Leftrightarrow x = \pm \frac{\pi }{3} + k\pi
\end{array}\)

Vậy \(x =  \pm {\pi  \over 3} + k\pi \)

\(3{\cos ^2}2x -3 {\sin ^2}x + {\cos ^2}x = 0\)

\(\begin{array}{l}
\Leftrightarrow 3{\cos ^2}2x - 3.\frac{{1 - \cos 2x}}{2} + \frac{{1 + \cos 2x}}{2} = 0\\
\Leftrightarrow 6{\cos ^2}2x - 3 + 3\cos 2x + 1 + \cos 2x = 0\\
\Leftrightarrow 6{\cos ^2}2x + 4\cos 2x - 2 = 0\\
\Leftrightarrow \left[ \begin{array}{l}
\cos 2x = - 1\\
\cos 2x = \frac{1}{3}
\end{array} \right.\\
\Leftrightarrow \left[ \begin{array}{l}
2x = \pi + k2\pi \\
2x = \pm \arccos \frac{1}{3} + k2\pi
\end{array} \right.\\
\Leftrightarrow \left[ \begin{array}{l}
x = \frac{\pi }{2} + k\pi \\
x = \pm \frac{1}{2}\arccos \frac{1}{3} + k\pi
\end{array} \right.
\end{array}\)